Module+1+Glossary

=Glossary of Terms=

Please use the following format when adding to the glossary. Also, please try to enter your terms in **alphabetical order**. **Please write your name next to your entry.**
 * Term:** definition

To input your glossary term, place your cursor at the end of the definition or term you want to alphabetically follow, and press enter twice before typing your term in to create space for your entry.

**Accomodations:** Changes that allow a person with special needs to participate fully in education. (i.e. Extended time, different format, and alterations to accessing information) (Lynn Johnson). / **Adaptations: **A change in how something is being taught to help improve a learning need or delivery of instruction, based on the individual needs of the student regardless of special needs classification. For instance, using a larger font on printed materials, preferential seating, peer tutors and collaborative groups or a gallery walk to review answer sets. (Carolyn Adkins)

**A.D.D.I.E. Model:** a type of ISD model that is "a generic and simplified instructional systems design (ISD) model. ADDIE is short for Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate." (A.W. Strickland via Courtney Holman)


 * Alternative Assessment:** education assessment strategy: assessment is based on authentic tasks that demonstrate learners' ability to accomplish communication goals, teacher and learners focus on communication, not on right and wrong answers, students help to set criteria for successful completion of tasks, students assess themselves and their peers (Christensen via Karen Todd)


 * Analyze:** To separate or distinguish something into parts and examine the nature or essential elements and relationships between those parts. Often involves a process of critical examination. (Shanna Page)


 * Assistive Technology: **equipment that can be used to improve the abilities of a student to function in an activity such as learning or communicating. (Lynn Johnson)


 * Authentic Learning Tasks:** Tasks that reflect the complexity of the real-world environment in which learners will be using the skills they are learning. (Dick via Don Maurer)


 * Behaviorism:** A perspective that feels all actions, including learning, are behaviors and should be treated as such. (Tiffany Henfling)


 * Bloom's Taxonomy:** A leveled system of questioning types in education proposed in the 1950's including the following phases (in order of simplest to most difficult): Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis & Evaluation. Bloom's Taxonomy has been "redone" many times since but the main idea is the same. The "New" version according to Cochran includes the following steps (again in order): Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate & Create. (Tiffany Henfling)


 * Classical Conditioning:** A related theory under the behaviorist model. "A process of behavior modification in which a subject learns to respond in a desired manner such that a neutral stimulus is repeatedly presented in association with a stimulus that elicits a natural response until the neutral stimulus alone elicits the same response." (The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary via Jon Humiston)


 * Cognitive Constructivism:** The idea that learners create knowledge as they have experiences with the world around them. (Leslie Sova)


 * Collaborator:** Creates meaning through social negotiation, interaction, and cooperation (Christensen via Tricia Till)

Requires learners to (1) solve complex and realistic problems (2) work collaboratively to solve problems (3) examine problems from different perspectives (4) take lead in the learning process instead of being a passive bystander, (5) become aware of role in the knowledge construction process (Reiser via Karen Todd)
 * Constructivism:** The idea that learning is created. (Tiffany Henfling)


 * Criteria:** A standard that one is judged by; a rule or principle that one can evaluate performance by. (Simon Nortman)


 * Criterion-Referenced Test:** used to measure how a student performs, regardless of the performance of others (i.e. score not compared to others) (Reiser via Karen Hirschfield)


 * Design**: A creative, iterative, transformational, process engaged in for the purpose of finding a solution to a problem. Often involves the negotiation of tradeoffs between constraints and affordances. (Into to Module#1 Video via Shanna Page)


 * Develop:** Stage of Instructional Design that addresses the processes and tools used to create the material. It includes the authoring and producing of instructional materials that will meet objectives and the planning of the step-by-step actions for implementing change. Examples include story boards, coding, creation of multimedia elements, etc... (Shanna Page)


 * Domain-Referenced Tests-** A test that is set to a specified content domain that an individual has learned throughout instruction. (Amanda Emeott)


 * Educational Goals:** Goals that teachers make for student achievement. (Christensen via Mal Balow)

(Christensen via Mal Balow)
 * Educational Learning Theories:** The three main perspectives: Cognitive Psychology, Behaviorism, and Social Cognitive Theories.


 * Electronic Performance Support Systems:** Computer systems that help workers perform specific tasks; function in the most valuable and time-specific way (Reiser via Karen Hirschfield)


 * Evaluation-** To judge or to determine the value of a student's work or performance. (Amanda Emeott)


 * Events of Instruction:** Nine teaching activities that Gagne considered essential for promoting the attainment of any type of learning outcome. These are considered the cornerstones of instructional design practices. The nine events are as follows: Gain attention, Describe the goal, Stimulate recall of prior knowledge, Present the material to be learned, provide guidance for learning, elicit performance "practice", provide informative feedback, Assess performance test, enhance retention and transfer. (Simon Nortman)


 * Explorer:** Interacts with the environment and others to make individual discoveries (Christensen via Tricia Till)

(Strickland via Mal Balow)
 * Formative Evaluation:** Information or feedback a teacher gains during the lesson on student achievement.

**Heuristic** – refers to experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery. (Jessica Cornelius)


 * Hierarchical Analysis:** The relationship that intellectual skills have to each other meaning, to learn one task you have to master the skills before it. (Gina Ruffini)


 * Information-processing** – is the change (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer. (Jessica Cornelius)


 * Instruction:** Purposeful arrangement of learning condition as well as implementation of activities to bring about changes in what students know and are able to do. (Intro to Module#1 Video via Shanna Page)


 * Instructional Design:** the analysis of learning and performance problems, and the design, development, implementation, evaluation, and management of instructional and non-instructional processes.

(Christensen via Mal Balow)
 * Instructional goals:** Are goals for specific learning objectives.


 * Instructional Media:** "The materials that teachers use to teach and students use to learn (for example, printed text, digitized text, speech, images). When individual forms of instructional media (text, video, audio) are combined to represent information in multiple ways they are called multimedia." (CAST website via Jon Humiston)

(http://www.instructionaldesigncentral.com/htm/IDC_instructionaldesigndefinitions.htm via Courtney Holman)
 * Instructional Systems Design (ISD):**"A formal process for designing training, be it computer-based or traditional instructor-led training. The ISD process includes analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Also known as System Approach to Training (SAT)"


 * Internalize:** To make values, attitudes, knowledge, ect. internal through learning or socialization (Ashley Skene)


 * Knowledge Management:** Identifying, recording and publicizing knowledge (both concrete and abstract) in an organization to improve performance (Reiser via Karen Hirschfield)

(Christensen via Mal Balow)
 * Learning:** Four main views: behavioral, information procession, psychological/individual constructivist, and social/situated constructivist.


 * Learning Objects:** Digital or non-digital objects that can be reused to support learning and instruction. (Gina Ruffini)


 * Media:** The means of communication, as television, newspapers, magazines, video, and the Internet, that reach or influence people widely. (Simon Nortman)

or combining the results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses (Wikipedia via Don Maurer).
 * Meta-Analysis:** The use of statistical techniques in a systematic review to integrate the results of included studies (The Cochrane Collaboration via Don Maurer),


 * Metacognition**: Refers to a person's ability to know what to do in a given situation or experience. Educators knowing what type of questioning or teaching style to use wit ha given student or lesson for example. (Tiffany Henfling)


 * Modification:** A modification is when a class is changed in conditions of expectations, goals, performance levels or content.(Lynn Johnson)


 * Norm-Referenced Tests:** Used to rank student performance on assessments against other students' scores. (Reiser via Jaclyn Hirschfield)

Include a description of desired learning outcomes, the conditions under which the behaviors are to happen, and the criteria which the behaviors are to be evaluated or assessed (Reiser via Karen Todd)
 * Objective:** Learning goal/outcome for a given assessment or lesson. (Tiffany Henfling)


 * Observer:** Learns by copying or observing others (Christensen via Tricia Till)


 * Operant Conditioning:** A related theory under the behaviorist model. "A process of behavior modification in which a subject is encouraged to behave in a desired manner through positive or negative reinforcement, so that the subject comes to associate the pleasure or displeasure of reinforcement with the behavior" (The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary via Jon Humiston)


 * Performance Assessment:** Assessing students through observations and judgments in which the task or problem is created and described with specific criteria used to evaluate. (Christensen via Jaclyn Hirschfield)


 * Performer:** Acquires and demonstrates use of knowledge (Christensen via Tricia Till)


 * Performance Technology:** The use of media for instructional purposes. (Reiser via Mal Balow)


 * Preparation problems:** represent an intermediate range of goals, ones that may be necessary to achieve.


 * Processor:** Uses strategies to acquire, retrieve, and use information (Christensen via Tricia Till)


 * Programmed Instructional Materials:** Should give information in smaller stages, involve explicit answers to frequent questions, allow for instantaneous feedback, and permit self-pacing for learners in order to increase learning. (Reiser via Jaclyn Hirschfield)


 * Programmed Instruction:** Exemplified an empirical approach to solving educational problems: Data regarding the effectiveness of the materials were collected, instructional weaknesses were identified, and the materials were revised accordingly. (Reiser via Mal Balow)


 * Rapid Prototyping:** This is the spiral model in which products are worked on throughout a long course of time. It is not all learned at the same time but rather in increments and is build upon over time. (Richard Culatta via Ashley Skene)


 * Situated Cognition:** When learning should take place in the setting that it is used. Students can use simulations, internships, service learning projects to complete this type of learning strategy. (Chad Lewicki)


 * Social Cognitive:** The idea that learners gain knowledge through experience and reason. (Leslie Sova) Also, interactive learning helps students gain confidence in their learning when they practice a skill. This model is based on observations of behaviors and skills, practicing and reproducing the skills, reflecting upon the success of performing the skills, and reproducing the desired skills. (Carolyn Adkins)


 * Summative Evaluation:** Consists of tests for criterion-related referenced items and providing opportunities for feedback from the users. (Strickland via Mal Balow)


 * Synthesis:** The act of analyzing/evaluating content and combining it in a new way in order to create a new concept or idea. (Tiffany Henfling)


 * Systematic:** Planned course of events or steps. (Tiffany Henfling)


 * Team Based Learning:** Students work together to solve real world problems (Chad Lewicki)

(Christensen via Mal Balow)
 * Training Goals:** Goals that workers achieve to gain a specific skill.


 * Technology ** - the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science. (Jessica Cornelius)